Survey: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 16:08, 18 July 2023

USGS Survey Marker.

(Image Source: Wikimedia)

Survey data is vital to the monitoring of a dam and helps to warn dam owners of potential problems occurring in or around the dam over time. Without comparisons between past and current survey, imperceptible changes in the positioning of the dam over time are likely to go unnoticed.

"Dams, locks, levees, embankments, and other flood control structures are subject to external loads that cause deformation and permeation of the structure itself, as well as its foundations. Any indication of abnormal behavior may threaten the safety of the structure. Careful monitoring of the loads on a structure and its response to them can aid in determining abnormal behavior of that structure. In general, monitoring consists of both measurements and visual inspections... To facilitate the monitoring of the structures, they should be permanently equipped with proper instrumentation and/or monitoring points per the goals of the observation, structure type and size, and site conditions"^[1]

“Surveys shall be performed at night to avoid troublesome optical distortions due to sunlight and heat radiation. The surveys shall be in accordance with the accuracy with methods established for first-order triangulation measurements as stipulated by the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey.”^[2]

Relevant Survey Topics

Best Practices Resources

Structural Deformation Surveying (EM 1110-2-1009), USACE

Survey Markers and Instrumentation (EM 1110-1-1002), USACE

Instrumentation for Concrete Structures (EM 1110-2-4300), USACE

Trainings

On-Demand Webinar: Using Instrumentation for Dam Safety Monitoring

Citations:

Revision ID: 7288
Revision Date: 07/18/2023

[EM_1110-2-1009-1] Structural Deformation Surveying (EM 1110-2-1009), USACE, 2018

[EM_1110-2-4300-2] EM 1110-2-4300 Instrumentation for Concrete Structures, USACE, 1987

[1]

[2]

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+[[Category:Movement Surveillance and Monitoring]]
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-|caption= USGS Survey Marker
+|caption= USGS Survey Marker.
+(Image Source: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:United_States_National_Geodetic_Survey_marker_5667.JPG Wikimedia])
 }}
 Survey data is vital to the monitoring of a dam and helps to warn dam owners of potential problems occurring in or around the dam over time. Without comparisons between past and current survey, imperceptible changes in the positioning of the dam over time are likely to go unnoticed.
-“Surveys shall be performed at night to avoid troublesome optical distortions due to sunlight and heat radiation. The surveys shall be in accordance with the accuracy with methods established for first-order triangulation measurements as stipulated by the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey.”<ref name="EM 1110-2-4300">[[Instrumentation for Concrete Structures (EM 1110-2-4300) | EM 1110-2-4300 Instrumentation for Concrete Structures (USACE, 1987)]]</ref>
+"Dams, locks, levees, embankments, and other flood control structures are subject to external loads that cause deformation and permeation of the structure itself, as well as its foundations. Any indication of abnormal behavior may threaten the safety of the structure. Careful monitoring of the loads on a structure and its response to them can aid in determining abnormal behavior of that structure. In general, monitoring consists of both measurements and visual [[inspections]]... To facilitate the monitoring of the structures, they should be permanently equipped with proper instrumentation and/or monitoring points per the goals of the observation, structure type and size, and site conditions"<ref name="EM 1110-2-1009">[[Structural Deformation Surveying (EM 1110-2-1009) | Structural Deformation Surveying (EM 1110-2-1009), USACE, 2018]]</ref>
-==Monuments==
+“Surveys shall be performed at night to avoid troublesome optical distortions due to sunlight and heat radiation. The surveys shall be in accordance with the accuracy with methods established for first-order triangulation measurements as stipulated by the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey.”<ref name="EM 1110-2-4300">[[Instrumentation for Concrete Structures (EM 1110-2-4300) | EM 1110-2-4300 Instrumentation for Concrete Structures, USACE, 1987]]</ref>
-“Stable [[monuments]] are required for both horizontal and vertical control. Monuments and their [[stability]] are integral parts of the accuracy of each survey project. Erroneous survey control monumentation can [[contribute]] to costly errors in all phases of project design and development.”<ref name="EM 1110-1-1002">[[Survey Markers and Monumentation (EM 1110-1-1002) | EM 1110-1-1002 Survey Markers and Monumentation (USACE, 2012)]]</ref>
+==Relevant Survey Topics==
+*[[Accuracy Requirements for Surveys]]
+*[[Monuments]]
-"In the earliest phase of project development a survey monumentation plan shall be developed. This plan shall consider monuments required for the life of each project, i.e., planning, acquisition, design, [[construction]], [[operation]], and maintenance. This plan will eliminate surveys performed using different survey control accuracies and provide a common base for all surveys for each project."<ref name="EM 1110-1-1002"/>
+==Best Practices Resources==
+{{Document Icon}} [[Structural Deformation Surveying (EM 1110-2-1009) | Structural Deformation Surveying (EM 1110-2-1009), USACE]]
-"Permanent monuments shall be defined as monuments that are set in relatively stable material or in a structure for the purpose of preserving the location of either a horizontal control station, the elevation of a point above an adopted datum (bench mark), or other location and/or elevation of any point of special significance when its preservation is required permanently or for longer than 2 years."<ref name="EM 1110-1-1002"/>
+{{Document Icon}} [[Survey Markers and Instrumentation (EM 1110-1-1002) | Survey Markers and Instrumentation (EM 1110-1-1002), USACE]]
+{{Document Icon}} [[Instrumentation for Concrete Structures (EM 1110-2-4300) | Instrumentation for Concrete Structures (EM 1110-2-4300), USACE]]
-“The location of the reference monuments and monolith marker points should be established along the proposed base line... The base line should be located so that at completion of construction the line of sight between the reference monuments is unobstructed. Also, consideration should be given to location based on least interference from other operations during alignment measurements. The reference monuments should be located off the structure a sufficient distance not to be influenced by movement of the structure. In instances where this is impractical, the first marker point at each end of the structure may be used as reference points providing the end blocks have low and level foundations. The reference monument elevation should be the least practical vertical height above the structure to maintain the least angle between the precision instrument and monolith marker points. Normally two marker points will be installed on each side of a vertical joint between monoliths. An overall plan and a section between reference monuments and first marker point on the structure should be part of the design submission.”<ref name="EM 1110-2-4300" />
-==[[Best Practices Resources]]==
-{{Document Icon}} [[Survey Markers and Monumentation (EM 1110-1-1002) | EM 1110-1-1002 Survey Markers and Monumentation (USACE, 2012)]]
-{{Document Icon}} [[Instrumentation for Concrete Structures (EM 1110-2-4300) | EM 1110-2-4300 Instrumentation for Concrete Structures (USACE, 1987)]]
 ==Trainings==