Underseepage - Revision history

Grichards@gfnet.com at 21:28, 28 March 2024

2024-03-28T21:28:51Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:28, 28 March 2024
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	"Seepage collection and monitoring systems should be designed with all failure modes in mind that may reasonably be anticipated at a particular structure site, given its unique geologic characteristics and design features. Ideally, all needed seepage measurement and monitoring systems should already be in place and available to collect seepage information from the [[First Filling and Monitoring \| first filling]] on, but of course new seepage areas can emerge at any time. Once water is impounded in the reservoir, all seepage-related phenomena should be evaluated with reference to PFMs of which they could be indicators. Early identification of PFMs that may be at work can facilitate the undertaking of emergency or remedial actions that need to be performed on short notice."<ref name="FEMAP1032" />		"Seepage collection and monitoring systems should be designed with all failure modes in mind that may reasonably be anticipated at a particular structure site, given its unique geologic characteristics and design features. Ideally, all needed seepage measurement and monitoring systems should already be in place and available to collect seepage information from the [[First Filling and Monitoring \| first filling]] on, but of course new seepage areas can emerge at any time. Once water is impounded in the reservoir, all seepage-related phenomena should be evaluated with reference to PFMs of which they could be indicators. Early identification of PFMs that may be at work can facilitate the undertaking of emergency or remedial actions that need to be performed on short notice."<ref name="FEMAP1032" />

	"Measuring seepage quantity and quality provides several important [[benefits]]:		"Measuring seepage quantity and quality provides several important benefits:
	# '''Comparison with Design:''' Measurements of actual seepage can be compared with seepage rates assumed or calculated during design to evaluate whether the dam and its various seepage control systems are functioning as intended (e.g., a foundation cutoff system or an embankment or foundation drain).		# '''Comparison with Design:''' Measurements of actual seepage can be compared with seepage rates assumed or calculated during design to evaluate whether the dam and its various seepage control systems are functioning as intended (e.g., a foundation cutoff system or an embankment or foundation drain).
	# '''Identifying Changes with Time:''' The appearance of unexpected seepage or changes in seepage quantity or quality over time can alert the dam [[owner]] to potential problems occurring within the embankment or foundation and allow for the implementation of corrective measures in a timely manner."<ref name="FEMAP1032" /></br></br>		# '''Identifying Changes with Time:''' The appearance of unexpected seepage or changes in seepage quantity or quality over time can alert the dam [[owner]] to potential problems occurring within the embankment or foundation and allow for the implementation of corrective measures in a timely manner."<ref name="FEMAP1032" /></br></br>

Mpollei@gfnet.com at 23:03, 10 July 2023

2023-07-10T23:03:46Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:03, 10 July 2023
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	==Best Practices Resources==		==Best Practices Resources==
	{{Document Icon}} [[Evaluation and Monitoring of Seepage and Internal Erosion (FEMA P-1032) \| Evaluation and Monitoring of Seepage and Internal Erosion (FEMA P-1032), FEMA~~, 2015~~]]		{{Document Icon}} [[Evaluation and Monitoring of Seepage and Internal Erosion (FEMA P-1032) \| Evaluation and Monitoring of Seepage and Internal Erosion (FEMA P-1032), FEMA]]
	{{Document Icon}} [[Design Standards No. 13: Embankment Dams (Ch. 8: Seepage) \| Design Standards No. 13: Embankment Dams (Ch. 8: Seepage), USBR~~, 2014~~]]		{{Document Icon}} [[Design Standards No. 13: Embankment Dams (Ch. 8: Seepage) \| Design Standards No. 13: Embankment Dams (Ch. 8: Seepage), USBR]]

	==Trainings==		==Trainings==

Grichards at 21:12, 17 March 2023

2023-03-17T21:12:36Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:12, 17 March 2023
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	"Observations related to seepage through an earth embankment or its foundation may give an early indication of the nature, location, and severity of potential failure modes (PFMs) that may already have initiated or could initiate at higher reservoir levels. For example, vigorously flowing sand boils discharging sediment near the downstream toe of an embankment may indicate that backward erosion piping in the foundation has already initiated and that it has the potential for rapid progression. Likewise, concentrated, clear seepage at an abutment groin may be an indication of a preferential flow path through the abutment, which could provide an avenue for internal erosion at higher gradients."<ref name="FEMAP1032">[[Evaluation and Monitoring of Seepage and Internal Erosion (FEMA P-1032) \| Evaluation and Monitoring of Seepage and Internal Erosion (FEMA P-1032), FEMA, 2015]]</ref>		"Observations related to seepage through an earth embankment or its foundation may give an early indication of the nature, location, and severity of potential failure modes (PFMs) that may already have initiated or could initiate at higher reservoir levels. For example, vigorously flowing sand boils discharging sediment near the downstream toe of an embankment may indicate that backward erosion piping in the foundation has already initiated and that it has the potential for rapid progression. Likewise, concentrated, clear seepage at an abutment groin may be an indication of a preferential flow path through the abutment, which could provide an avenue for internal erosion at higher gradients."<ref name="FEMAP1032">[[Evaluation and Monitoring of Seepage and Internal Erosion (FEMA P-1032) \| Evaluation and Monitoring of Seepage and Internal Erosion (FEMA P-1032), FEMA, 2015]]</ref>

	"Seepage collection and monitoring systems should be designed with all failure modes in mind that may reasonably be anticipated at a particular structure site, given its unique geologic characteristics and design features. Ideally, all needed seepage measurement and monitoring systems should already be in place and available to collect seepage information from the [[First Filling \| first filling]] on, but of course new seepage areas can emerge at any time. Once water is impounded in the reservoir, all seepage-related phenomena should be evaluated with reference to PFMs of which they could be indicators. Early identification of PFMs that may be at work can facilitate the undertaking of emergency or remedial actions that need to be performed on short notice."<ref name="FEMAP1032" />		"Seepage collection and monitoring systems should be designed with all failure modes in mind that may reasonably be anticipated at a particular structure site, given its unique geologic characteristics and design features. Ideally, all needed seepage measurement and monitoring systems should already be in place and available to collect seepage information from the [[First Filling and Monitoring \| first filling]] on, but of course new seepage areas can emerge at any time. Once water is impounded in the reservoir, all seepage-related phenomena should be evaluated with reference to PFMs of which they could be indicators. Early identification of PFMs that may be at work can facilitate the undertaking of emergency or remedial actions that need to be performed on short notice."<ref name="FEMAP1032" />

	"Measuring seepage quantity and quality provides several important [[benefits]]:		"Measuring seepage quantity and quality provides several important [[benefits]]:

Rmanwaring at 23:24, 19 December 2022

2022-12-19T23:24:23Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:24, 19 December 2022
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	----		----
	<!-- Introductory paragraph or topic page summary -->		<!-- Introductory paragraph or topic page summary -->
	"Flow of water through soil can lead to movement of the soil grains. Continued movement is erosion. Many factors affect whether soil grains will move or not, including hydraulic gradient, soil plasticity, particle size, capillary tension, cementation, and others."<ref name="DS13-8">[[Design Standards No. 13: Embankment Dams (Ch. 8: Seepage) \| Design Standards No. 13: Embankment Dams (Ch. 8: Seepage) (USBR, 2014)]]</ref>		"Flow of water through soil can lead to movement of the soil grains. Continued movement is erosion. Many factors affect whether soil grains will move or not, including hydraulic gradient, soil plasticity, particle size, capillary tension, cementation, and others."<ref name="DS13-8">[[Design Standards No. 13: Embankment Dams (Ch. 8: Seepage) \| Design Standards No. 13: Embankment Dams (Ch. 8: Seepage), USBR, 2014]]</ref>

	"A review of historical dam failures indicates that nearly half of all failures of [[Embankment Dams\|embankment dams]] have been a result of seepage-induced internal erosion. Additional failures due to high pore pressures or saturated slopes, both attributable to seepage water, add to the list of seepage-related historical failures. Since all [[soils]] are erodible to some extent, [[Embankment Dams\|embankment dams]] are potentially susceptible to failure due to seepage. In order to evaluate new or existing dams, with respect to safety against seepage, and design defensive measures to mitigate the effects of seepage, it is important to understand the various modes of failure that can occur due to reservoir seepage acting on an embankment or its foundation."<ref name="DS13-8"/>		"A review of historical dam failures indicates that nearly half of all failures of [[Embankment Dams\|embankment dams]] have been a result of seepage-induced internal erosion. Additional failures due to high pore pressures or saturated slopes, both attributable to seepage water, add to the list of seepage-related historical failures. Since all [[soils]] are erodible to some extent, [[Embankment Dams\|embankment dams]] are potentially susceptible to failure due to seepage. In order to evaluate new or existing dams, with respect to safety against seepage, and design defensive measures to mitigate the effects of seepage, it is important to understand the various modes of failure that can occur due to reservoir seepage acting on an embankment or its foundation."<ref name="DS13-8"/>

	"Observations related to seepage through an earth embankment or its foundation may give an early indication of the nature, location, and severity of potential failure modes (PFMs) that may already have initiated or could initiate at higher reservoir levels. For example, vigorously flowing sand boils discharging sediment near the downstream toe of an embankment may indicate that backward erosion piping in the foundation has already initiated and that it has the potential for rapid progression. Likewise, concentrated, clear seepage at an abutment groin may be an indication of a preferential flow path through the abutment, which could provide an avenue for internal erosion at higher gradients."<ref name="FEMAP1032">[[Evaluation and Monitoring of Seepage and Internal Erosion (FEMA P-1032) \| Evaluation and Monitoring of Seepage and Internal Erosion (FEMA P-1032) (FEMA, 2015)]]</ref>		"Observations related to seepage through an earth embankment or its foundation may give an early indication of the nature, location, and severity of potential failure modes (PFMs) that may already have initiated or could initiate at higher reservoir levels. For example, vigorously flowing sand boils discharging sediment near the downstream toe of an embankment may indicate that backward erosion piping in the foundation has already initiated and that it has the potential for rapid progression. Likewise, concentrated, clear seepage at an abutment groin may be an indication of a preferential flow path through the abutment, which could provide an avenue for internal erosion at higher gradients."<ref name="FEMAP1032">[[Evaluation and Monitoring of Seepage and Internal Erosion (FEMA P-1032) \| Evaluation and Monitoring of Seepage and Internal Erosion (FEMA P-1032), FEMA, 2015]]</ref>

	"Seepage collection and monitoring systems should be designed with all failure modes in mind that may reasonably be anticipated at a particular structure site, given its unique geologic characteristics and design features. Ideally, all needed seepage measurement and monitoring systems should already be in place and available to collect seepage information from the [[First Filling \| first filling]] on, but of course new seepage areas can emerge at any time. Once water is impounded in the reservoir, all seepage-related phenomena should be evaluated with reference to PFMs of which they could be indicators. Early identification of PFMs that may be at work can facilitate the undertaking of emergency or remedial actions that need to be performed on short notice."<ref name="FEMAP1032" />		"Seepage collection and monitoring systems should be designed with all failure modes in mind that may reasonably be anticipated at a particular structure site, given its unique geologic characteristics and design features. Ideally, all needed seepage measurement and monitoring systems should already be in place and available to collect seepage information from the [[First Filling \| first filling]] on, but of course new seepage areas can emerge at any time. Once water is impounded in the reservoir, all seepage-related phenomena should be evaluated with reference to PFMs of which they could be indicators. Early identification of PFMs that may be at work can facilitate the undertaking of emergency or remedial actions that need to be performed on short notice."<ref name="FEMAP1032" />
Line 26:		Line 26:

	==Best Practices Resources==		==Best Practices Resources==
	{{Document Icon}} [[Evaluation and Monitoring of Seepage and Internal Erosion (FEMA P-1032) \| Evaluation and Monitoring of Seepage and Internal Erosion (FEMA P-1032) (FEMA, 2015)]]		{{Document Icon}} [[Evaluation and Monitoring of Seepage and Internal Erosion (FEMA P-1032) \| Evaluation and Monitoring of Seepage and Internal Erosion (FEMA P-1032), FEMA, 2015]]
	{{Document Icon}} [[Design Standards No. 13: Embankment Dams (Ch. 8: Seepage) \| Design Standards No. 13: Embankment Dams (Ch. 8: Seepage) (USBR, 2014)]]		{{Document Icon}} [[Design Standards No. 13: Embankment Dams (Ch. 8: Seepage) \| Design Standards No. 13: Embankment Dams (Ch. 8: Seepage), USBR, 2014]]

	==Trainings==		==Trainings==

Rmanwaring at 23:23, 19 December 2022

2022-12-19T23:23:42Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:23, 19 December 2022
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	"Measuring seepage quantity and quality provides several important [[benefits]]:		"Measuring seepage quantity and quality provides several important [[benefits]]:
	# ''Comparison with Design:'' Measurements of actual seepage can be compared with seepage rates assumed or calculated during design to evaluate whether the dam and its various seepage control systems are functioning as intended (e.g., a foundation cutoff system or an embankment or foundation drain).		# '''Comparison with Design:''' Measurements of actual seepage can be compared with seepage rates assumed or calculated during design to evaluate whether the dam and its various seepage control systems are functioning as intended (e.g., a foundation cutoff system or an embankment or foundation drain).
	# ''Identifying Changes with Time:'' The appearance of unexpected seepage or changes in seepage quantity or quality over time can alert the dam [[owner]] to potential problems occurring within the embankment or foundation and allow for the implementation of corrective measures in a timely manner."<ref name="FEMAP1032" />		# '''Identifying Changes with Time:''' The appearance of unexpected seepage or changes in seepage quantity or quality over time can alert the dam [[owner]] to potential problems occurring within the embankment or foundation and allow for the implementation of corrective measures in a timely manner."<ref name="FEMAP1032" /></br></br>

	==Mitigation Measures==		==Mitigation Measures==

Grichards at 05:22, 14 December 2022

2022-12-14T05:22:16Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:22, 14 December 2022
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	"Seepage collection and monitoring systems should be designed with all failure modes in mind that may reasonably be anticipated at a particular structure site, given its unique geologic characteristics and design features. Ideally, all needed seepage measurement and monitoring systems should already be in place and available to collect seepage information from the [[First Filling \| first filling]] on, but of course new seepage areas can emerge at any time. Once water is impounded in the reservoir, all seepage-related phenomena should be evaluated with reference to PFMs of which they could be indicators. Early identification of PFMs that may be at work can facilitate the undertaking of emergency or remedial actions that need to be performed on short notice."<ref name="FEMAP1032" />		"Seepage collection and monitoring systems should be designed with all failure modes in mind that may reasonably be anticipated at a particular structure site, given its unique geologic characteristics and design features. Ideally, all needed seepage measurement and monitoring systems should already be in place and available to collect seepage information from the [[First Filling \| first filling]] on, but of course new seepage areas can emerge at any time. Once water is impounded in the reservoir, all seepage-related phenomena should be evaluated with reference to PFMs of which they could be indicators. Early identification of PFMs that may be at work can facilitate the undertaking of emergency or remedial actions that need to be performed on short notice."<ref name="FEMAP1032" />

	"Measuring seepage quantity and quality provides several important benefits:		"Measuring seepage quantity and quality provides several important [[benefits]]:
	# ''Comparison with Design:'' Measurements of actual seepage can be compared with seepage rates assumed or calculated during design to evaluate whether the dam and its various seepage control systems are functioning as intended (e.g., a foundation cutoff system or an embankment or foundation drain).		# ''Comparison with Design:'' Measurements of actual seepage can be compared with seepage rates assumed or calculated during design to evaluate whether the dam and its various seepage control systems are functioning as intended (e.g., a foundation cutoff system or an embankment or foundation drain).
	# ''Identifying Changes with Time:'' The appearance of unexpected seepage or changes in seepage quantity or quality over time can alert the dam owner to potential problems occurring within the embankment or foundation and allow for the implementation of corrective measures in a timely manner."<ref name="FEMAP1032" />		# ''Identifying Changes with Time:'' The appearance of unexpected seepage or changes in seepage quantity or quality over time can alert the dam [[owner]] to potential problems occurring within the embankment or foundation and allow for the implementation of corrective measures in a timely manner."<ref name="FEMAP1032" />

	==Mitigation Measures==		==Mitigation Measures==
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	==Examples==		==Examples==
	{{Website Icon}} [https://damfailures.org/case-study/teton-dam-idaho-1976/ Learn about the ~~Underseepage~~ and internal erosion at Teton Dam that ultimately led to its failure (DamFailures.org)]		{{Website Icon}} [https://damfailures.org/case-study/teton-dam-idaho-1976/ Learn about the underseepage and internal erosion at Teton Dam that ultimately led to its failure (DamFailures.org)]

	==Best Practices Resources==		==Best Practices Resources==
	{{Document Icon}} [[Evaluation and Monitoring of Seepage and Internal Erosion (FEMA P-1032) \| Evaluation and Monitoring of Seepage and Internal Erosion (FEMA P-1032) (FEMA, 2015)]]		{{Document Icon}} [[Evaluation and Monitoring of Seepage and Internal Erosion (FEMA P-1032) \| Evaluation and Monitoring of Seepage and Internal Erosion (FEMA P-1032) (FEMA, 2015)]]
	{{Document Icon}} [[Design Standards No. 13: Embankment Dams (Ch. 8: Seepage) \| Design Standards No. 13: Embankment Dams (Ch. 8: Seepage) (USBR, 2014)]]		{{Document Icon}} [[Design Standards No. 13: Embankment Dams (Ch. 8: Seepage) \| Design Standards No. 13: Embankment Dams (Ch. 8: Seepage) (USBR, 2014)]]
	~~{{Document Icon}} [[Liquid Process Piping (EM 1110-1-4008) \| Liquid Process Piping (EM 1110-1-4008) (USACE, 1999)]]~~
	~~{{Document Icon}} [[ACER TM 9 Guidelines for Controlling Seepage Along Conduits Through Embankments \| ACER TM 9 Guidelines for Controlling Seepage Along Conduits Through Embankments (USBR, 1987)]]~~
	~~{{Document Icon}} [[Engineering and Design: Seepage Analysis and Control of Dams (EM 1110-2-1901) \| Engineering and Design: Seepage Analysis and Control of Dams (EM 1110-2-1901) (USACE, 1986)]]~~

	==Trainings==		==Trainings==

Grichards at 23:51, 5 December 2022

2022-12-05T23:51:31Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:51, 5 December 2022
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	==Mitigation Measures==		==Mitigation Measures==
	* [[Relief ~~wells~~]]		* [[Relief Wells]]
	* [[Cutoff]]		* [[Cutoff]]
	* [[Grouting]]		* [[Grouting]]

Grichards at 05:29, 18 November 2022

2022-11-18T05:29:10Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:29, 18 November 2022
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	<!-- Delete any sections that are not necessary to your topic. Add pictures/sections as needed -->		<!-- Delete any sections that are not necessary to your topic. Add pictures/sections as needed -->
	__NOTOC__		__NOTOC__
			[[Category:Foundation Evaluation]]
	----		----
	<!-- Introductory paragraph or topic page summary -->		<!-- Introductory paragraph or topic page summary -->

Rmanwaring at 17:18, 3 November 2022

2022-11-03T17:18:22Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:18, 3 November 2022
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	"Flow of water through soil can lead to movement of the soil grains. Continued movement is erosion. Many factors affect whether soil grains will move or not, including hydraulic gradient, soil plasticity, particle size, capillary tension, cementation, and others."<ref name="DS13-8">[[Design Standards No. 13: Embankment Dams (Ch. 8: Seepage) \| Design Standards No. 13: Embankment Dams (Ch. 8: Seepage) (USBR, 2014)]]</ref>		"Flow of water through soil can lead to movement of the soil grains. Continued movement is erosion. Many factors affect whether soil grains will move or not, including hydraulic gradient, soil plasticity, particle size, capillary tension, cementation, and others."<ref name="DS13-8">[[Design Standards No. 13: Embankment Dams (Ch. 8: Seepage) \| Design Standards No. 13: Embankment Dams (Ch. 8: Seepage) (USBR, 2014)]]</ref>

	"A review of historical dam failures indicates that nearly half of all failures of [[Embankment Dams\|embankment dams]] have been a result of seepage-induced internal erosion. Additional failures due to high pore pressures or saturated slopes, both attributable to seepage water, add to the list of seepage-related historical failures. Since all [[soils]] are erodible to some extent, embankment dams are potentially susceptible to failure due to seepage. In order to evaluate new or existing dams, with respect to safety against seepage, and design defensive measures to mitigate the effects of seepage, it is important to understand the various modes of failure that can occur due to reservoir seepage acting on an embankment or its foundation."<ref name="DS13-8"/>		"A review of historical dam failures indicates that nearly half of all failures of [[Embankment Dams\|embankment dams]] have been a result of seepage-induced internal erosion. Additional failures due to high pore pressures or saturated slopes, both attributable to seepage water, add to the list of seepage-related historical failures. Since all [[soils]] are erodible to some extent, [[Embankment Dams\|embankment dams]] are potentially susceptible to failure due to seepage. In order to evaluate new or existing dams, with respect to safety against seepage, and design defensive measures to mitigate the effects of seepage, it is important to understand the various modes of failure that can occur due to reservoir seepage acting on an embankment or its foundation."<ref name="DS13-8"/>

	"Observations related to seepage through an earth embankment or its foundation may give an early indication of the nature, location, and severity of potential failure modes (PFMs) that may already have initiated or could initiate at higher reservoir levels. For example, vigorously flowing sand boils discharging sediment near the downstream toe of an embankment may indicate that backward erosion piping in the foundation has already initiated and that it has the potential for rapid progression. Likewise, concentrated, clear seepage at an abutment groin may be an indication of a preferential flow path through the abutment, which could provide an avenue for internal erosion at higher gradients."<ref name="FEMAP1032">[[Evaluation and Monitoring of Seepage and Internal Erosion (FEMA P-1032) \| Evaluation and Monitoring of Seepage and Internal Erosion (FEMA P-1032) (FEMA, 2015)]]</ref>		"Observations related to seepage through an earth embankment or its foundation may give an early indication of the nature, location, and severity of potential failure modes (PFMs) that may already have initiated or could initiate at higher reservoir levels. For example, vigorously flowing sand boils discharging sediment near the downstream toe of an embankment may indicate that backward erosion piping in the foundation has already initiated and that it has the potential for rapid progression. Likewise, concentrated, clear seepage at an abutment groin may be an indication of a preferential flow path through the abutment, which could provide an avenue for internal erosion at higher gradients."<ref name="FEMAP1032">[[Evaluation and Monitoring of Seepage and Internal Erosion (FEMA P-1032) \| Evaluation and Monitoring of Seepage and Internal Erosion (FEMA P-1032) (FEMA, 2015)]]</ref>
Line 28:		Line 28:
	{{Document Icon}} [[Design Standards No. 13: Embankment Dams (Ch. 8: Seepage) \| Design Standards No. 13: Embankment Dams (Ch. 8: Seepage) (USBR, 2014)]]		{{Document Icon}} [[Design Standards No. 13: Embankment Dams (Ch. 8: Seepage) \| Design Standards No. 13: Embankment Dams (Ch. 8: Seepage) (USBR, 2014)]]
	{{Document Icon}} [[Liquid Process Piping (EM 1110-1-4008) \| Liquid Process Piping (EM 1110-1-4008) (USACE, 1999)]]		{{Document Icon}} [[Liquid Process Piping (EM 1110-1-4008) \| Liquid Process Piping (EM 1110-1-4008) (USACE, 1999)]]
			{{Document Icon}} [[ACER TM 9 Guidelines for Controlling Seepage Along Conduits Through Embankments \| ACER TM 9 Guidelines for Controlling Seepage Along Conduits Through Embankments (USBR, 1987)]]
	{{Document Icon}} [[Engineering and Design: Seepage Analysis and Control of Dams (EM 1110-2-1901) \| Engineering and Design: Seepage Analysis and Control of Dams (EM 1110-2-1901) (USACE, 1986)]]		{{Document Icon}} [[Engineering and Design: Seepage Analysis and Control of Dams (EM 1110-2-1901) \| Engineering and Design: Seepage Analysis and Control of Dams (EM 1110-2-1901) (USACE, 1986)]]
	~~{{Document Icon}} [[ACER TM 9 Guidelines for Controlling Seepage Along Conduits Through Embankments \| ACER TM 9 Guidelines for Controlling Seepage Along Conduits Through Embankments (USBR, 1987)]]~~

	==Trainings==		==Trainings==

Rmanwaring at 17:17, 3 November 2022

2022-11-03T17:17:22Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:17, 3 November 2022
Line 3:		Line 3:
	----		----
	<!-- Introductory paragraph or topic page summary -->		<!-- Introductory paragraph or topic page summary -->
			"Flow of water through soil can lead to movement of the soil grains. Continued movement is erosion. Many factors affect whether soil grains will move or not, including hydraulic gradient, soil plasticity, particle size, capillary tension, cementation, and others."<ref name="DS13-8">[[Design Standards No. 13: Embankment Dams (Ch. 8: Seepage) \| Design Standards No. 13: Embankment Dams (Ch. 8: Seepage) (USBR, 2014)]]</ref>

			"A review of historical dam failures indicates that nearly half of all failures of [[Embankment Dams\|embankment dams]] have been a result of seepage-induced internal erosion. Additional failures due to high pore pressures or saturated slopes, both attributable to seepage water, add to the list of seepage-related historical failures. Since all [[soils]] are erodible to some extent, embankment dams are potentially susceptible to failure due to seepage. In order to evaluate new or existing dams, with respect to safety against seepage, and design defensive measures to mitigate the effects of seepage, it is important to understand the various modes of failure that can occur due to reservoir seepage acting on an embankment or its foundation."<ref name="DS13-8"/>

	"Observations related to seepage through an earth embankment or its foundation may give an early indication of the nature, location, and severity of potential failure modes (PFMs) that may already have initiated or could initiate at higher reservoir levels. For example, vigorously flowing sand boils discharging sediment near the downstream toe of an embankment may indicate that backward erosion piping in the foundation has already initiated and that it has the potential for rapid progression. Likewise, concentrated, clear seepage at an abutment groin may be an indication of a preferential flow path through the abutment, which could provide an avenue for internal erosion at higher gradients."<ref name="FEMAP1032">[[Evaluation and Monitoring of Seepage and Internal Erosion (FEMA P-1032) \| Evaluation and Monitoring of Seepage and Internal Erosion (FEMA P-1032) (FEMA, 2015)]]</ref>		"Observations related to seepage through an earth embankment or its foundation may give an early indication of the nature, location, and severity of potential failure modes (PFMs) that may already have initiated or could initiate at higher reservoir levels. For example, vigorously flowing sand boils discharging sediment near the downstream toe of an embankment may indicate that backward erosion piping in the foundation has already initiated and that it has the potential for rapid progression. Likewise, concentrated, clear seepage at an abutment groin may be an indication of a preferential flow path through the abutment, which could provide an avenue for internal erosion at higher gradients."<ref name="FEMAP1032">[[Evaluation and Monitoring of Seepage and Internal Erosion (FEMA P-1032) \| Evaluation and Monitoring of Seepage and Internal Erosion (FEMA P-1032) (FEMA, 2015)]]</ref>

	"Seepage collection and monitoring systems should be designed with all failure modes in mind that may reasonably be anticipated at a particular structure site, given its unique geologic characteristics and design features. Ideally, all needed seepage measurement and monitoring systems should already be in place and available to collect seepage information from the [[First Filling\|first filling]] on, but of course new seepage areas can emerge at any time. Once water is impounded in the reservoir, all seepage-related phenomena should be evaluated with reference to PFMs of which they could be indicators. Early identification of PFMs that may be at work can facilitate the undertaking of emergency or remedial actions that need to be performed on short notice."<ref name="FEMAP1032" />		"Seepage collection and monitoring systems should be designed with all failure modes in mind that may reasonably be anticipated at a particular structure site, given its unique geologic characteristics and design features. Ideally, all needed seepage measurement and monitoring systems should already be in place and available to collect seepage information from the [[First Filling \| first filling]] on, but of course new seepage areas can emerge at any time. Once water is impounded in the reservoir, all seepage-related phenomena should be evaluated with reference to PFMs of which they could be indicators. Early identification of PFMs that may be at work can facilitate the undertaking of emergency or remedial actions that need to be performed on short notice."<ref name="FEMAP1032" />

	"Measuring seepage quantity and quality provides several important benefits:		"Measuring seepage quantity and quality provides several important benefits:
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	==Best Practices Resources==		==Best Practices Resources==
	{{Document Icon}} [[Evaluation and Monitoring of Seepage and Internal Erosion (FEMA P-1032) \| Evaluation and Monitoring of Seepage and Internal Erosion (FEMA P-1032) (FEMA, 2015)]]		{{Document Icon}} [[Evaluation and Monitoring of Seepage and Internal Erosion (FEMA P-1032) \| Evaluation and Monitoring of Seepage and Internal Erosion (FEMA P-1032) (FEMA, 2015)]]
			{{Document Icon}} [[Design Standards No. 13: Embankment Dams (Ch. 8: Seepage) \| Design Standards No. 13: Embankment Dams (Ch. 8: Seepage) (USBR, 2014)]]
	{{Document Icon}} [[Liquid Process Piping (EM 1110-1-4008) \| Liquid Process Piping (EM 1110-1-4008) (USACE, 1999)]]		{{Document Icon}} [[Liquid Process Piping (EM 1110-1-4008) \| Liquid Process Piping (EM 1110-1-4008) (USACE, 1999)]]
	{{Document Icon}} [[Engineering and Design: Seepage Analysis and Control of Dams (EM 1110-2-1901) \| Engineering and Design: Seepage Analysis and Control of Dams (EM 1110-2-1901) (USACE, 1986)]]		{{Document Icon}} [[Engineering and Design: Seepage Analysis and Control of Dams (EM 1110-2-1901) \| Engineering and Design: Seepage Analysis and Control of Dams (EM 1110-2-1901) (USACE, 1986)]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:18, 3 November 2022
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	"Flow of water through soil can lead to movement of the soil grains. Continued movement is erosion. Many factors affect whether soil grains will move or not, including hydraulic gradient, soil plasticity, particle size, capillary tension, cementation, and others."<ref name="DS13-8">[[Design Standards No. 13: Embankment Dams (Ch. 8: Seepage) \| Design Standards No. 13: Embankment Dams (Ch. 8: Seepage) (USBR, 2014)]]</ref>		"Flow of water through soil can lead to movement of the soil grains. Continued movement is erosion. Many factors affect whether soil grains will move or not, including hydraulic gradient, soil plasticity, particle size, capillary tension, cementation, and others."<ref name="DS13-8">[[Design Standards No. 13: Embankment Dams (Ch. 8: Seepage) \| Design Standards No. 13: Embankment Dams (Ch. 8: Seepage) (USBR, 2014)]]</ref>

	"A review of historical dam failures indicates that nearly half of all failures of [[Embankment Dams\|embankment dams]] have been a result of seepage-induced internal erosion. Additional failures due to high pore pressures or saturated slopes, both attributable to seepage water, add to the list of seepage-related historical failures. Since all [[soils]] are erodible to some extent, embankment dams are potentially susceptible to failure due to seepage. In order to evaluate new or existing dams, with respect to safety against seepage, and design defensive measures to mitigate the effects of seepage, it is important to understand the various modes of failure that can occur due to reservoir seepage acting on an embankment or its foundation."<ref name="DS13-8"/>		"A review of historical dam failures indicates that nearly half of all failures of [[Embankment Dams\|embankment dams]] have been a result of seepage-induced internal erosion. Additional failures due to high pore pressures or saturated slopes, both attributable to seepage water, add to the list of seepage-related historical failures. Since all [[soils]] are erodible to some extent, [[Embankment Dams\|embankment dams]] are potentially susceptible to failure due to seepage. In order to evaluate new or existing dams, with respect to safety against seepage, and design defensive measures to mitigate the effects of seepage, it is important to understand the various modes of failure that can occur due to reservoir seepage acting on an embankment or its foundation."<ref name="DS13-8"/>

	"Observations related to seepage through an earth embankment or its foundation may give an early indication of the nature, location, and severity of potential failure modes (PFMs) that may already have initiated or could initiate at higher reservoir levels. For example, vigorously flowing sand boils discharging sediment near the downstream toe of an embankment may indicate that backward erosion piping in the foundation has already initiated and that it has the potential for rapid progression. Likewise, concentrated, clear seepage at an abutment groin may be an indication of a preferential flow path through the abutment, which could provide an avenue for internal erosion at higher gradients."<ref name="FEMAP1032">[[Evaluation and Monitoring of Seepage and Internal Erosion (FEMA P-1032) \| Evaluation and Monitoring of Seepage and Internal Erosion (FEMA P-1032) (FEMA, 2015)]]</ref>		"Observations related to seepage through an earth embankment or its foundation may give an early indication of the nature, location, and severity of potential failure modes (PFMs) that may already have initiated or could initiate at higher reservoir levels. For example, vigorously flowing sand boils discharging sediment near the downstream toe of an embankment may indicate that backward erosion piping in the foundation has already initiated and that it has the potential for rapid progression. Likewise, concentrated, clear seepage at an abutment groin may be an indication of a preferential flow path through the abutment, which could provide an avenue for internal erosion at higher gradients."<ref name="FEMAP1032">[[Evaluation and Monitoring of Seepage and Internal Erosion (FEMA P-1032) \| Evaluation and Monitoring of Seepage and Internal Erosion (FEMA P-1032) (FEMA, 2015)]]</ref>
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	{{Document Icon}} [[Design Standards No. 13: Embankment Dams (Ch. 8: Seepage) \| Design Standards No. 13: Embankment Dams (Ch. 8: Seepage) (USBR, 2014)]]		{{Document Icon}} [[Design Standards No. 13: Embankment Dams (Ch. 8: Seepage) \| Design Standards No. 13: Embankment Dams (Ch. 8: Seepage) (USBR, 2014)]]
	{{Document Icon}} [[Liquid Process Piping (EM 1110-1-4008) \| Liquid Process Piping (EM 1110-1-4008) (USACE, 1999)]]		{{Document Icon}} [[Liquid Process Piping (EM 1110-1-4008) \| Liquid Process Piping (EM 1110-1-4008) (USACE, 1999)]]
			{{Document Icon}} [[ACER TM 9 Guidelines for Controlling Seepage Along Conduits Through Embankments \| ACER TM 9 Guidelines for Controlling Seepage Along Conduits Through Embankments (USBR, 1987)]]
	{{Document Icon}} [[Engineering and Design: Seepage Analysis and Control of Dams (EM 1110-2-1901) \| Engineering and Design: Seepage Analysis and Control of Dams (EM 1110-2-1901) (USACE, 1986)]]		{{Document Icon}} [[Engineering and Design: Seepage Analysis and Control of Dams (EM 1110-2-1901) \| Engineering and Design: Seepage Analysis and Control of Dams (EM 1110-2-1901) (USACE, 1986)]]
	~~{{Document Icon}} [[ACER TM 9 Guidelines for Controlling Seepage Along Conduits Through Embankments \| ACER TM 9 Guidelines for Controlling Seepage Along Conduits Through Embankments (USBR, 1987)]]~~

	==Trainings==		==Trainings==