Timber Dams - Revision history

Mpollei@gfnet.com at 20:32, 18 July 2023

2023-07-18T20:32:34Z

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	\|caption=		\|caption=
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	The Green River Crib Dam is a historic timber crib dam built around 1811 in Guilford, Vermont, along the Green River. ([https://connecticutriver.us/node/357 Connecticut River Conservancy])		The Green River Crib Dam is a historic timber crib dam built around 1811 in Guilford, Vermont, along the Green River.
			(Image Credit: [https://connecticutriver.us/node/357 Connecticut River Conservancy])
	}}		}}

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	*'''Log Dams:''' Horizontal courses of logs with several inches of saplings, brush, stone, and earth placed between them. The butt ends of the logs were placed downstream so that the dam had a triangular shape in cross section. The entire structure was covered with stone and earth.		*'''Log Dams:''' Horizontal courses of logs with several inches of saplings, brush, stone, and earth placed between them. The butt ends of the logs were placed downstream so that the dam had a triangular shape in cross section. The entire structure was covered with stone and earth.
	*'''Pile Dams:''' Consisted of one to three rows of timber piles driven vertically across the river with logs and brushwood placed horizontally between or against the piles.		*'''Pile Dams:''' Consisted of one to three rows of timber piles driven vertically across the river with logs and brushwood placed horizontally between or against the piles.
	*'''Plank Dams:''' Formed by placing 2-inch by 12-inch by 12-foot planks to form vertical arches, convex upstream. Each course of planks was spiked or nailed to those beneath. On rock foundations, a single arch was used with the lower planks anchored to the foundation by iron bolts. On soil foundations, two arches were used with the space between filled with earth, gravel, or stone.		*'''Plank Dams:''' Formed by placing 2-inch by 12-inch by 12-foot planks to form vertical arches, convex upstream. Each course of planks was spiked or nailed to those beneath. On [[Rock Foundations\|rock foundations]], a single arch was used with the lower planks anchored to the foundation by iron bolts. On soil foundations, two arches were used with the space between filled with earth, gravel, or stone.
	*'''Timber Crib Dams:''' Consisted of square timber cribs filled with stone or gravel. The cribs were constructed by placing layers of timbers spaced 6 to 10 feet apart at right angles to the previous layer. The structure was faced with wooden planks spiked into the timber cribs. If placed on rock foundations, the bottom course of logs was fastened to the foundation by iron bolts.		*'''Timber Crib Dams:''' Consisted of square timber cribs filled with stone or gravel. The cribs were constructed by placing layers of timbers spaced 6 to 10 feet apart at right angles to the previous layer. The structure was faced with wooden planks spiked into the timber cribs. If placed on [[Rock Foundations\|rock foundations]], the bottom course of logs was fastened to the foundation by iron bolts.
	*'''Timber <noautolinks>Buttress Dams</noautolinks>:''' Deck and frame timber dams. Timber buttresses supporting a wooden plank face. These dams were typically spiked together. If founded on rock they were bolted to the rock with iron bolts. If placed on soil foundations, wooden sheet piling was driven vertically from the heel (upstream toe) to form a seepage [[cutoff]]." <ref name="Other Dams"/>		*'''Timber <noautolinks>Buttress Dams</noautolinks>:''' Deck and frame timber dams. Timber buttresses supporting a wooden plank face. These dams were typically spiked together. If founded on rock they were bolted to the rock with iron bolts. If placed on soil foundations, wooden sheet piling was driven vertically from the heel (upstream toe) to form a seepage [[cutoff]]." <ref name="Other Dams"/>

Mpollei@gfnet.com at 17:21, 11 July 2023

2023-07-11T17:21:03Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:21, 11 July 2023
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	<noautolinks>==Best Practices Resources==</noautolinks>		<noautolinks>==Best Practices Resources==</noautolinks>
	{{Document Icon}} [[Engineering Guidelines for the Evaluation of Hydropower Projects: Chapter 10- Other Dams \| Engineering Guidelines for the Evaluation of Hydropower Projects: Chapter 10- Other Dams, FERC~~, 1997~~]]		{{Document Icon}} [[Engineering Guidelines for the Evaluation of Hydropower Projects: Chapter 10- Other Dams \| Engineering Guidelines for the Evaluation of Hydropower Projects: Chapter 10- Other Dams, FERC]]

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Mpollei@gfnet.com at 22:46, 19 May 2023

2023-05-19T22:46:58Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:46, 19 May 2023
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	"Many of the early dams in the United States were built with timber. These were generally small dams that were designed empirically. An early text by Wegeman (1905) discusses the following six types of timber dams:		"Many of the early dams in the United States were built with timber. These were generally small dams that were designed empirically. An early text by Wegeman (1905) discusses the following six types of timber dams:
	*'''Brushwood Dams:''' Alternating courses of brushwood and gravel. Three- to five-foot thick courses of saplings and trees (with branches upstream) are sunk by placing stone and gravel on them. The dam was finished by covering the slopes with planking or rip rap.		*'''Brushwood Dams:''' Alternating courses of brushwood and gravel. Three- to five-foot thick courses of saplings and trees (with branches upstream) are sunk by placing stone and gravel on them. The dam was finished by covering the slopes with planking or rip rap.
	*'''Log Dams:''' Horizontal courses of logs with several inches of saplings, brush, stone, and earth placed between them. The butt ends of the logs were ~~place~~ downstream so that the dam had a triangular shape in cross section. The entire structure was covered with stone and earth.		*'''Log Dams:''' Horizontal courses of logs with several inches of saplings, brush, stone, and earth placed between them. The butt ends of the logs were placed downstream so that the dam had a triangular shape in cross section. The entire structure was covered with stone and earth.
	*'''Pile Dams:''' Consisted of one to three rows of timber piles driven vertically across the river with logs and brushwood placed horizontally between or against the piles.		*'''Pile Dams:''' Consisted of one to three rows of timber piles driven vertically across the river with logs and brushwood placed horizontally between or against the piles.
	*'''Plank Dams:''' Formed by placing 2-inch by 12-inch by 12-foot planks to form vertical arches, convex upstream. Each course of planks was spiked or nailed to those beneath. On rock foundations, a single arch was used with the lower planks anchored to the foundation by iron bolts. On soil foundations, two arches were used with the space between filled with earth, gravel, or stone.		*'''Plank Dams:''' Formed by placing 2-inch by 12-inch by 12-foot planks to form vertical arches, convex upstream. Each course of planks was spiked or nailed to those beneath. On rock foundations, a single arch was used with the lower planks anchored to the foundation by iron bolts. On soil foundations, two arches were used with the space between filled with earth, gravel, or stone.

Grichards at 23:10, 26 January 2023

2023-01-26T23:10:06Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:10, 26 January 2023
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	*'''Timber Crib Dams:''' Consisted of square timber cribs filled with stone or gravel. The cribs were constructed by placing layers of timbers spaced 6 to 10 feet apart at right angles to the previous layer. The structure was faced with wooden planks spiked into the timber cribs. If placed on rock foundations, the bottom course of logs was fastened to the foundation by iron bolts.		*'''Timber Crib Dams:''' Consisted of square timber cribs filled with stone or gravel. The cribs were constructed by placing layers of timbers spaced 6 to 10 feet apart at right angles to the previous layer. The structure was faced with wooden planks spiked into the timber cribs. If placed on rock foundations, the bottom course of logs was fastened to the foundation by iron bolts.
	*'''Timber <noautolinks>Buttress Dams</noautolinks>:''' Deck and frame timber dams. Timber buttresses supporting a wooden plank face. These dams were typically spiked together. If founded on rock they were bolted to the rock with iron bolts. If placed on soil foundations, wooden sheet piling was driven vertically from the heel (upstream toe) to form a seepage [[cutoff]]." <ref name="Other Dams"/>		*'''Timber <noautolinks>Buttress Dams</noautolinks>:''' Deck and frame timber dams. Timber buttresses supporting a wooden plank face. These dams were typically spiked together. If founded on rock they were bolted to the rock with iron bolts. If placed on soil foundations, wooden sheet piling was driven vertically from the heel (upstream toe) to form a seepage [[cutoff]]." <ref name="Other Dams"/>

			Timber dams are not recommended for long-term water storage due to the limited lifespan of timbers.

	<noautolinks>==Best Practices Resources==</noautolinks>		<noautolinks>==Best Practices Resources==</noautolinks>

Rmanwaring at 21:26, 13 December 2022

2022-12-13T21:26:06Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:26, 13 December 2022
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	"Many of the early dams in the United States were built with timber. These were generally small dams that were designed empirically. An early text by Wegeman (1905) discusses the following six types of timber dams:		"Many of the early dams in the United States were built with timber. These were generally small dams that were designed empirically. An early text by Wegeman (1905) discusses the following six types of timber dams:
	*'''Brushwood Dams''': Alternating courses of brushwood and gravel. Three- to five-foot thick courses of saplings and trees (with branches upstream) are sunk by placing stone and gravel on them. The dam was finished by covering the slopes with planking or rip rap.		*'''Brushwood Dams:''' Alternating courses of brushwood and gravel. Three- to five-foot thick courses of saplings and trees (with branches upstream) are sunk by placing stone and gravel on them. The dam was finished by covering the slopes with planking or rip rap.
	*'''Log Dams''': Horizontal courses of logs with several inches of saplings, brush, stone, and earth placed between them. The butt ends of the logs were place downstream so that the dam had a triangular shape in cross section. The entire structure was covered with stone and earth.		*'''Log Dams:''' Horizontal courses of logs with several inches of saplings, brush, stone, and earth placed between them. The butt ends of the logs were place downstream so that the dam had a triangular shape in cross section. The entire structure was covered with stone and earth.
	*'''Pile Dams''': Consisted of one to three rows of timber piles driven vertically across the river with logs and brushwood placed horizontally between or against the piles.		*'''Pile Dams:''' Consisted of one to three rows of timber piles driven vertically across the river with logs and brushwood placed horizontally between or against the piles.
	*'''Plank Dams''': Formed by placing 2-inch by 12-inch by 12-foot planks to form vertical arches, convex upstream. Each course of planks was spiked or nailed to those beneath. On rock foundations, a single arch was used with the lower planks anchored to the foundation by iron bolts. On soil foundations, two arches were used with the space between filled with earth, gravel, or stone.		*'''Plank Dams:''' Formed by placing 2-inch by 12-inch by 12-foot planks to form vertical arches, convex upstream. Each course of planks was spiked or nailed to those beneath. On rock foundations, a single arch was used with the lower planks anchored to the foundation by iron bolts. On soil foundations, two arches were used with the space between filled with earth, gravel, or stone.
	*'''Timber Crib Dams''': Consisted of square timber cribs filled with stone or gravel. The cribs were constructed by placing layers of timbers spaced 6 to 10 feet apart at right angles to the previous layer. The structure was faced with wooden planks spiked into the timber cribs. If placed on rock foundations, the bottom course of logs was fastened to the foundation by iron bolts.		*'''Timber Crib Dams:''' Consisted of square timber cribs filled with stone or gravel. The cribs were constructed by placing layers of timbers spaced 6 to 10 feet apart at right angles to the previous layer. The structure was faced with wooden planks spiked into the timber cribs. If placed on rock foundations, the bottom course of logs was fastened to the foundation by iron bolts.
	*'''Timber <noautolinks>Buttress Dams</noautolinks>''': Deck and frame timber dams. Timber buttresses supporting a wooden plank face. These dams were typically spiked together. If founded on rock they were bolted to the rock with iron bolts. If placed on soil foundations, wooden sheet piling was driven vertically from the heel (upstream toe) to form a seepage [[cutoff]]." <ref name="Other Dams"/>		*'''Timber <noautolinks>Buttress Dams</noautolinks>:''' Deck and frame timber dams. Timber buttresses supporting a wooden plank face. These dams were typically spiked together. If founded on rock they were bolted to the rock with iron bolts. If placed on soil foundations, wooden sheet piling was driven vertically from the heel (upstream toe) to form a seepage [[cutoff]]." <ref name="Other Dams"/>

	<noautolinks>==Best Practices Resources==</noautolinks>		<noautolinks>==Best Practices Resources==</noautolinks>

Rmanwaring at 21:25, 13 December 2022

2022-12-13T21:25:31Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:25, 13 December 2022
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	<noautolinks>==Best Practices Resources==</noautolinks>		<noautolinks>==Best Practices Resources==</noautolinks>
	{{Document Icon}} [[Engineering Guidelines for the Evaluation of Hydropower Projects: Chapter 10- Other Dams\| Engineering Guidelines for the Evaluation of Hydropower Projects: Chapter 10- Other Dams ~~(Federal Energy Regulatory Commission)~~]]		{{Document Icon}} [[Engineering Guidelines for the Evaluation of Hydropower Projects: Chapter 10- Other Dams \| Engineering Guidelines for the Evaluation of Hydropower Projects: Chapter 10- Other Dams, FERC, 1997]]

	<!-- Revision history information -->		<!-- Revision history information -->
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Rmanwaring at 21:24, 13 December 2022

2022-12-13T21:24:22Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:24, 13 December 2022
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	}}		}}

	"Timber dams include all dams that rely on timber for [[structural]] support and include timber buttress dams, timber crib dams, and [[Embankment Dams\|embankment dams]] with timber cribbing used as reinforcement to steepen the slopes. Timber faced rockfill dams that rely on the timber only to limit seepage, or provide erosion protection, and embankments that have wooden trestles buried in them do not rely on the structural integrity of the wood for [[stability]] and are not considered to be timber dams."<ref name="Other Dams">[[Engineering Guidelines for the Evaluation of Hydropower Projects: Chapter 10- Other Dams\|Engineering Guidelines for the Evaluation of Hydropower Projects: Chapter 10- Other Dams (FERC, 1997)]]</ref>		"Timber dams include all dams that rely on timber for [[structural]] support and include timber [[Buttress Dams\|buttress dams]], timber crib dams, and [[Embankment Dams\|embankment dams]] with timber cribbing used as reinforcement to steepen the slopes. Timber faced rockfill dams that rely on the timber only to limit seepage, or provide erosion protection, and embankments that have wooden trestles buried in them do not rely on the structural integrity of the wood for [[stability]] and are not considered to be timber dams."<ref name="Other Dams">[[Engineering Guidelines for the Evaluation of Hydropower Projects: Chapter 10- Other Dams\|Engineering Guidelines for the Evaluation of Hydropower Projects: Chapter 10- Other Dams (FERC, 1997)]]</ref>

	"Many of the early dams in the United States were built with timber. These were generally small dams that were designed empirically. An early text by Wegeman (1905) discusses the following six types of timber dams:		"Many of the early dams in the United States were built with timber. These were generally small dams that were designed empirically. An early text by Wegeman (1905) discusses the following six types of timber dams:
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	*'''Plank Dams''': Formed by placing 2-inch by 12-inch by 12-foot planks to form vertical arches, convex upstream. Each course of planks was spiked or nailed to those beneath. On rock foundations, a single arch was used with the lower planks anchored to the foundation by iron bolts. On soil foundations, two arches were used with the space between filled with earth, gravel, or stone.		*'''Plank Dams''': Formed by placing 2-inch by 12-inch by 12-foot planks to form vertical arches, convex upstream. Each course of planks was spiked or nailed to those beneath. On rock foundations, a single arch was used with the lower planks anchored to the foundation by iron bolts. On soil foundations, two arches were used with the space between filled with earth, gravel, or stone.
	*'''Timber Crib Dams''': Consisted of square timber cribs filled with stone or gravel. The cribs were constructed by placing layers of timbers spaced 6 to 10 feet apart at right angles to the previous layer. The structure was faced with wooden planks spiked into the timber cribs. If placed on rock foundations, the bottom course of logs was fastened to the foundation by iron bolts.		*'''Timber Crib Dams''': Consisted of square timber cribs filled with stone or gravel. The cribs were constructed by placing layers of timbers spaced 6 to 10 feet apart at right angles to the previous layer. The structure was faced with wooden planks spiked into the timber cribs. If placed on rock foundations, the bottom course of logs was fastened to the foundation by iron bolts.
	*'''Timber [[Buttress Dams]]''': Deck and frame timber dams. Timber buttresses supporting a wooden plank face. These dams were typically spiked together. If founded on rock they were bolted to the rock with iron bolts. If placed on soil foundations, wooden sheet piling was driven vertically from the heel (upstream toe) to form a seepage [[cutoff]]." <ref name="Other Dams"/>		*'''Timber <noautolinks>Buttress Dams</noautolinks>''': Deck and frame timber dams. Timber buttresses supporting a wooden plank face. These dams were typically spiked together. If founded on rock they were bolted to the rock with iron bolts. If placed on soil foundations, wooden sheet piling was driven vertically from the heel (upstream toe) to form a seepage [[cutoff]]." <ref name="Other Dams"/>

	<noautolinks>==Best Practices Resources==</noautolinks>		<noautolinks>==Best Practices Resources==</noautolinks>

Rmanwaring at 21:23, 13 December 2022

2022-12-13T21:23:56Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:23, 13 December 2022
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	}}		}}

	"Timber dams include all dams that rely on timber for [[structural]] support and include timber buttress dams, timber crib dams, and embankment dams with timber cribbing used as reinforcement to steepen the slopes. Timber faced rockfill dams that rely on the timber only to limit seepage, or provide erosion protection, and embankments that have wooden trestles buried in them do not rely on the structural integrity of the wood for [[stability]] and are not considered to be timber dams."<ref name="Other Dams">[[Engineering Guidelines for the Evaluation of Hydropower Projects: Chapter 10- Other Dams\|Engineering Guidelines for the Evaluation of Hydropower Projects: Chapter 10- Other Dams (FERC, 1997)]]</ref>		"Timber dams include all dams that rely on timber for [[structural]] support and include timber buttress dams, timber crib dams, and [[Embankment Dams\|embankment dams]] with timber cribbing used as reinforcement to steepen the slopes. Timber faced rockfill dams that rely on the timber only to limit seepage, or provide erosion protection, and embankments that have wooden trestles buried in them do not rely on the structural integrity of the wood for [[stability]] and are not considered to be timber dams."<ref name="Other Dams">[[Engineering Guidelines for the Evaluation of Hydropower Projects: Chapter 10- Other Dams\|Engineering Guidelines for the Evaluation of Hydropower Projects: Chapter 10- Other Dams (FERC, 1997)]]</ref>

	"Many of the early dams in the United States were built with timber. These were generally small dams that were designed empirically. An early text by Wegeman (1905) discusses the following six types of timber dams:		"Many of the early dams in the United States were built with timber. These were generally small dams that were designed empirically. An early text by Wegeman (1905) discusses the following six types of timber dams:
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	*'''Timber [[Buttress Dams]]''': Deck and frame timber dams. Timber buttresses supporting a wooden plank face. These dams were typically spiked together. If founded on rock they were bolted to the rock with iron bolts. If placed on soil foundations, wooden sheet piling was driven vertically from the heel (upstream toe) to form a seepage [[cutoff]]." <ref name="Other Dams"/>		*'''Timber [[Buttress Dams]]''': Deck and frame timber dams. Timber buttresses supporting a wooden plank face. These dams were typically spiked together. If founded on rock they were bolted to the rock with iron bolts. If placed on soil foundations, wooden sheet piling was driven vertically from the heel (upstream toe) to form a seepage [[cutoff]]." <ref name="Other Dams"/>

	==Best Practices Resources==		<noautolinks>==Best Practices Resources==</noautolinks>
	{{Document Icon}} [[Engineering Guidelines for the Evaluation of Hydropower Projects: Chapter 10- Other Dams\| Engineering Guidelines for the Evaluation of Hydropower Projects: Chapter 10- Other Dams (Federal Energy Regulatory Commission)]]		{{Document Icon}} [[Engineering Guidelines for the Evaluation of Hydropower Projects: Chapter 10- Other Dams\| Engineering Guidelines for the Evaluation of Hydropower Projects: Chapter 10- Other Dams (Federal Energy Regulatory Commission)]]

	<!-- Revision history information -->		<!-- Revision history information -->
	{{revhistinf}}		{{revhistinf}}

Grichards at 23:51, 28 November 2022

2022-11-28T23:51:11Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:51, 28 November 2022
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	"Many of the early dams in the United States were built with timber. These were generally small dams that were designed empirically. An early text by Wegeman (1905) discusses the following six types of timber dams:		"Many of the early dams in the United States were built with timber. These were generally small dams that were designed empirically. An early text by Wegeman (1905) discusses the following six types of timber dams:
	*Brushwood Dams: Alternating courses of brushwood and gravel. Three- to five-foot thick courses of saplings and trees (with branches upstream) are sunk by placing stone and gravel on them. The dam was finished by covering the slopes with planking or rip rap.		*'''Brushwood Dams''': Alternating courses of brushwood and gravel. Three- to five-foot thick courses of saplings and trees (with branches upstream) are sunk by placing stone and gravel on them. The dam was finished by covering the slopes with planking or rip rap.
	*Log Dams: Horizontal courses of logs with several inches of saplings, brush, stone, and earth placed between them. The butt ends of the logs were place downstream so that the dam had a triangular shape in cross section. The entire structure was covered with stone and earth.		*'''Log Dams''': Horizontal courses of logs with several inches of saplings, brush, stone, and earth placed between them. The butt ends of the logs were place downstream so that the dam had a triangular shape in cross section. The entire structure was covered with stone and earth.
	*Pile Dams: Consisted of one to three rows of timber piles driven vertically across the river with logs and brushwood placed horizontally between or against the piles.		*'''Pile Dams''': Consisted of one to three rows of timber piles driven vertically across the river with logs and brushwood placed horizontally between or against the piles.
	*Plank Dams: Formed by placing 2-inch by 12-inch by 12-foot planks to form vertical arches, convex upstream. Each course of planks was spiked or nailed to those beneath. On rock foundations, a single arch was used with the lower planks anchored to the foundation by iron bolts. On soil foundations, two arches were used with the space between filled with earth, gravel, or stone.		*'''Plank Dams''': Formed by placing 2-inch by 12-inch by 12-foot planks to form vertical arches, convex upstream. Each course of planks was spiked or nailed to those beneath. On rock foundations, a single arch was used with the lower planks anchored to the foundation by iron bolts. On soil foundations, two arches were used with the space between filled with earth, gravel, or stone.
	*Timber Crib Dams: Consisted of square timber cribs filled with stone or gravel. The cribs were constructed by placing layers of timbers spaced 6 to 10 feet apart at right angles to the previous layer. The structure was faced with wooden planks spiked into the timber cribs. If placed on rock foundations, the bottom course of logs was fastened to the foundation by iron bolts.		*'''Timber Crib Dams''': Consisted of square timber cribs filled with stone or gravel. The cribs were constructed by placing layers of timbers spaced 6 to 10 feet apart at right angles to the previous layer. The structure was faced with wooden planks spiked into the timber cribs. If placed on rock foundations, the bottom course of logs was fastened to the foundation by iron bolts.
	*Timber [[Buttress Dams]]: Deck and frame timber dams. Timber buttresses supporting a wooden plank face. These dams were typically spiked together. If founded on rock they were bolted to the rock with iron bolts. If placed on soil foundations, wooden sheet piling was driven vertically from the heel (upstream toe) to form a seepage [[cutoff]]." <ref name="Other Dams"/>		*'''Timber [[Buttress Dams]]''': Deck and frame timber dams. Timber buttresses supporting a wooden plank face. These dams were typically spiked together. If founded on rock they were bolted to the rock with iron bolts. If placed on soil foundations, wooden sheet piling was driven vertically from the heel (upstream toe) to form a seepage [[cutoff]]." <ref name="Other Dams"/>

	==Best Practices Resources==		==Best Practices Resources==

Grichards at 23:37, 28 November 2022

2022-11-28T23:37:44Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:37, 28 November 2022
Line 17:		Line 17:

	"Many of the early dams in the United States were built with timber. These were generally small dams that were designed empirically. An early text by Wegeman (1905) discusses the following six types of timber dams:		"Many of the early dams in the United States were built with timber. These were generally small dams that were designed empirically. An early text by Wegeman (1905) discusses the following six types of timber dams:
			*Brushwood Dams: Alternating courses of brushwood and gravel. Three- to five-foot thick courses of saplings and trees (with branches upstream) are sunk by placing stone and gravel on them. The dam was finished by covering the slopes with planking or rip rap.
	~~===~~Brushwood Dams~~===~~		*Log Dams: Horizontal courses of logs with several inches of saplings, brush, stone, and earth placed between them. The butt ends of the logs were place downstream so that the dam had a triangular shape in cross section. The entire structure was covered with stone and earth.
	"Alternating courses of brushwood and gravel. Three- to five-foot thick courses of saplings and trees (with branches upstream) are sunk by placing stone and gravel on them. The dam was finished by covering the slopes with planking or rip rap.		*Pile Dams: Consisted of one to three rows of timber piles driven vertically across the river with logs and brushwood placed horizontally between or against the piles.
			*Plank Dams: Formed by placing 2-inch by 12-inch by 12-foot planks to form vertical arches, convex upstream. Each course of planks was spiked or nailed to those beneath. On rock foundations, a single arch was used with the lower planks anchored to the foundation by iron bolts. On soil foundations, two arches were used with the space between filled with earth, gravel, or stone.
	~~===~~Log Dams~~===~~		*Timber Crib Dams: Consisted of square timber cribs filled with stone or gravel. The cribs were constructed by placing layers of timbers spaced 6 to 10 feet apart at right angles to the previous layer. The structure was faced with wooden planks spiked into the timber cribs. If placed on rock foundations, the bottom course of logs was fastened to the foundation by iron bolts.
	"Horizontal courses of logs with several inches of saplings, brush, stone, and earth placed between them. The butt ends of the logs were place downstream so that the dam had a triangular shape in cross section. The entire structure was covered with stone and earth.		*Timber [[Buttress Dams]]: Deck and frame timber dams. Timber buttresses supporting a wooden plank face. These dams were typically spiked together. If founded on rock they were bolted to the rock with iron bolts. If placed on soil foundations, wooden sheet piling was driven vertically from the heel (upstream toe) to form a seepage [[cutoff]]." <ref name="Other Dams"/>

	~~===~~Pile Dams~~===~~
	"Consisted of one to three rows of timber piles driven vertically across the river with logs and brushwood placed horizontally between or against the piles.

	~~===~~Plank Dams~~===~~
	"Formed by placing 2-inch by 12-inch by 12-foot planks to form vertical arches, convex upstream. Each course of planks was spiked or nailed to those beneath. On rock foundations, a single arch was used with the lower planks anchored to the foundation by iron bolts. On soil foundations, two arches were used with the space between filled with earth, gravel, or stone.

	~~===~~Timber Crib Dams~~===~~
	"Consisted of square timber cribs filled with stone or gravel. The cribs were constructed by placing layers of timbers spaced 6 to 10 feet apart at right angles to the previous layer. The structure was faced with wooden planks spiked into the timber cribs. If placed on rock foundations, the bottom course of logs was fastened to the foundation by iron bolts.

	~~===~~Timber Buttress Dams~~===~~
	"Deck and frame timber dams. Timber buttresses supporting a wooden plank face. These dams were typically spiked together. If founded on rock they were bolted to the rock with iron bolts. If placed on soil foundations, wooden sheet piling was driven vertically from the heel (upstream toe) to form a seepage [[cutoff]]." <ref name="Other Dams"/>

	==Best Practices Resources==		==Best Practices Resources==